Anténor Firmin : De l'égalité des races humaines

Au courant littéraire esclavagiste du 18è siècle, succéda celui raciste du 19è. En réponse, les esclaves firent Haïti et leurs théoriciens défendirent par les livres la race noire. C'est dans cette continuité que trois hommes haïtiens se sont levés pour combattre les thèses racistes en cours : Hannibal Price, Louis-Joseph Janvier, Anténor Firmin. Ce dernier s'en prendra en 1885 au champion toutes catégories du racisme, Arthur de Gobineau, et à son Essai sur l'inégalité des races humaines (1855), dans ce livre au titre visionnaire : De l'égalité des races humaines, un incontournable des 100 classiques de la bibliothèque bicentenaire haïtienne. [...] De l'égalité des races humaines appartient au grand mouvement des idées anthropologiques, sociologiques, philosophiques, historiques, littéraires et morales de la fin du 19è siècle et restera actuelle tant que le racisme ne sera pas éradiqué de nos sociétés. [...] [éd. Mémoire d'Encrier, 2005]

L'Ancien et le Nouveau. La production du savoir dans l'Afrique d'aujourd'hui

Comment s'articulent en Afrique, dans le domaine du savoir et du savoir-faire, l'ancien et le nouveau ? que savions-nous hier, et que savons-nous aujourd'hui ? Quelle était hier, quelle est aujourd'hui la part du mythe dans ce que nous croyons savoir ? Et comment définir, dans chaque cas, le noyau dur des connaissances solides et universellement valables ? Quels droits et quels devoirs nous reconnaissons-nous en tant qu'êtres humains, en tant que femmes, en tant qu'enfants, en tant que peuples ou nations, et quelle conscience avons-nous aujourd'hui de ces droits et devoirs ? Quel est l'impact de ce qu'on appelle aujourd'hui la mondialisation sur l'évolution du savoir, du savoir-faire, et de cette conscience des droits et devoirs ? A ces questions, et à d'autres qui y sont liées, le présent ouvrage apporte quelques éléments de réponse. C'est le résultat d'un colloque tenu à Cotonou en octobre 2006 sur le thème : "Savoirs traditionnels et science moderne." Il est dédié à la mémoire de Georg Elwert, africaniste allemand disparu en 2005, dont les travaux sur le Bénin, l'Afrique et le Tiers-Monde restent une source d'inspiration pour beaucoup. [éd. Centre Africain des Hautes Etudes, 2009, Porto Novo]

Kwame Nkrumah : L'Afrique doit s'unir

Kwame Nkrumah, ancien président de la République du Ghana, mort en 1972, expose dans cet ouvrage les problèmes qui se posent encore aujourd'hui à l'Afrique indépendante. Dans ce livre, il dresse un bilan du passé et propose des plans d'avenir pour l'édification et le développement d'une Afrique moderne, capable de jouer pleinement son rôle dans le concert des nations. Kwame Nkrumah n'a cessé de lancer des appels à l'unité africaine. On verra dans ces pages l'importance qu'il attachait à une telle unification, seule voie permettant, selon lui, d'assurer un véritable développement de l'Afrique, dans l'intérêt de tous les peuples qui la composent. [Col. "Le Panafricanisme", éd. Présence Africaine, mai 2009, 9€]
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Hermant rencontre Lumumba

Albert Hermant, un Belge qui fut chef de chantier sur une exploitation forestière dans le Kasaï, dit avoir rencontré Patrice Lumumba le 1er décembre 1960 à Kinda, dans le Kasaï oriental. A la faveur du retentissement médiatique des travaux de la Commission d’enquête parlementaire belge sur l’assassinat de Lumumba, il sortit de ses archives les notes qu’il avait prises lors de leur conversation. On en propose ci-après des extraits tirés de l’ouvrage de Colette Braeckman : Lumumba, un crime d’Etat.

Patrice Emery Lumumba

Patrice Emery Lumumba

Mon discours du 30 juin n’était en rien dirigé contre le roi que je considère comme un homme honnête sans pouvoirs réels, ni contre le colonisateur. Il se voulait une réplique cinglante à l’allocution du président Kasa -Vubu qui, selon nos accords, aurait dû me soumettre le texte de son discours et ne l’a pas fait. De plus, cet exposé, célébrant les mérites et les réalisations du pouvoir colonial, était l’exacte réfutation des propos xénophobes et revanchards qu’i développait en conseil restreint ou en privé. Cette duplicité, qui ne se démentira plus, me mit dans une colère froide,  ma parole dépassa peut-être ma pensée, mais c’était sous l’influence de votre compatriote Jean Van Lierde. [...]


Donc, selon vous, je suis un suppôt du communisme : sachez bien que je suis au courant du désenchantement généralisé de la population. Mes amis Ghanéens, camerounais et guinéens m’ont tous confirmé cet état de choses. Mais n’est-ce pas un moindre mal, quand vos prétendus amis vous lâchent et, mieux encore, veulent vous asservir par des malversations et le pillage. Je dis bien pillage, oh, rien de violent, en réalité, une duperie planifiée par les spécialistes. [...]


Au Ghana et au Nigéria, les Anglais, quoique distants, étaient toujours polis et sans la moindre acrimonie à l’égard de leurs administrés. Dans les ex-colonies françaises, des centaines d’étudiants étaient chaque année envoyés dans les universités et hautes écoles. En Angola et au Mozambique, les Portugais vivaient en parfaite harmonie avec les populations locales. Vous autres Belges, vous n’avez pas formé un seul universitaire, un seul officier et, ce qui est pis, vous nous avez toujours traités avec arrogance, dédain, condescendance… Il y a trois ans, j’avais proposé au ministre Buisseret de ne plus remplacer les fonctionnaires expatriés partant à la retraite, permettant ainsi une relève graduelle par la base, avec comme corollaire la création d’écoles d’administration avec formation accélérée, à l’usage des futurs cadres. Il me répondit que de telles réformes n’étaient pas à l’ordre du jour, étant donné le caractère professionnel de l’enseignement dispensé par les seules écoles missionnaires. [...]


Avec mes amis, Nkrumah au Ghana, Moumié du Cameroun, Roberto Holden d’angola et bien d’autres, progressistes et nationalistes, nous voulons, primo, réviser les frontières arbitrairement fixées à Berlin par des diplomates ignorant tout de l’Afrique, en vertu d’intérêts contradictoires qui ne sont pas ceux des populations… Les troubles de Léopoldville, le 04 janvier 1958, servirent de déclic et forcèrent le gouvernement belge à réagir rapidement et à modifier une tactique en vigueur depuis toujours : de paternaliste et tatillonne, elle devint laxiste et permissive…


N’étant pas suffisamment puissante pour s’imposer par la force, la Belgique décida d’employer la duperie. L’adage « diviser pour régner » étant toujours de mise, elle s’efforça de multiplier en sous-main la naissance de partis à caractère ethnique ou régional, facilement contrôlables et réveillant de vieilles rancoeurs remontant à la nuit des temps. Sous le prétexte, grotesque et ridicule, de défense de la civilisation occidentale menacée par les Russes, elle créa et renforça une base militaire à Kamina. En réalité, cette base était destinée à l’intimidation de l’Etat congolais…


Lors de la Table ronde de Bruxelles, les délégués belges firent preuve d’une magnanimité remarquable en acceptant sans la moindre réticence nos desiderata. En réalité, les sociétés d’Etat se retirèrent du Congo, réclamant et obtenant des dédits fabuleux de la part de l’Etat. Toutes les compagnies optèrent pour le droit belge, éludant ainsi l’obligation de régler leurs impôts chez nous. La réserve d’or de la Banque du Congo fut expédiée en Belgique, colons et commerçants transférèrent une grosse partie des fortunes acquises par la spoliation des indigènes…


L’autonomie consistait à nommer des ministres, polichinelles recevant à foison voitures haut de gamme, maisons luxueuses, rétributions mirobolantes, décorations à faire pâlir de jalousie un portier du Majestic. Un convoi de prostituées avait quitté les bas-fonds de Bruxelles pour desservir les maisons de passe à Léopoldville. Cela, je ne pouvais l’accepter. Je m’attirai des antipathies tenaces en refusant net toutes les propositions de cadeaux offertes par les ministres de la métropole, je proposai au parlement la nationalisation de l’université de Lovanium, la laïcisation de l’enseignement, m’attirant les foudres de l’Eglise catholique, je muselai les officines de renseignement et de propagande que constituaient les missions protestantes : c’est pour cela que je suis devenu la bête noire de tous ceux qui s’intéressent au Congo non pour le bien-être de son peuple mais pour ses immenses richesses.


De cela il résulta les sécessions du Katanga et du Kasaï, provinces minières qui devaient assurer 80% des recettes du Trésor. Ces sécessions, sans aucune base légale ni justifiée, sont des émanations des sociétés minières trafiquant dans la région. L’union minière, aidée par les Weber, Cumont et autres Aspremont Lynden, soudoya la marionnette Tshombe et son parti, la Conacat, qui représentait 50% de la population du Sud-Katanga. Le reste était du ressort de la Balubakat, leurs farouches opposants. Quant à la sécession du Kasaï, elle était le privilège du co-fondateur de mon MNC (Mouvement national congolais), le renégat Kalondji, qui, par la grâce de M. Cravatte et de la société Forminière, devint le ridicule empereur du Kasaï.

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